Bremen, GERMANY – The 23 countries of the European Space Agency agreed on Thursday to provide €22.1 billion to cover everything from rocket subsidies and science projects to the modernisation of Europe’s spaceport infrastructure.

The commitments, which will mostly run to 2028, mark a roughly 20% increase when adjusted for inflation compared with ESA’s last ministerial pledging summit in Paris in 2022, at which €16.9 billion was committed to various programmes.